Double Front: Law and War (2)
Volume 4: Peace and Development · Chapter 112
November 27. Morrison, who arrived in Hungary from Italy for a visit, was having dinner with the Hungarian Minister of Justice and Minister of Foreign Affairs in a Hungarian restaurant. The day after tomorrow, Morrison would embark on the journey back to China. Morrison expressed his gratitude to the two for their hospitality over the past few days.
The Foreign Minister accepted the thanks easily. After all, Hungary had decided to establish diplomatic relations with China, and there would be plenty of time to greet each other in the future. After the two finished talking, the Hungarian Minister of Justice asked, "Your Excellency Morrison, in terms of bloodline, we and China are distant relatives. And the University of Budapest is also one of the oldest universities in Europe. I wonder why personnel from the Budapest Law School were not invited."
Morrison was Australian and personally didn't want to talk about this matter. He laughed, "I will report this matter to the country. I wonder if Hungary has any other wishes?"
The Minister of Justice answered decisively, "Romania must never be allowed to join the International Tribunal."
These words almost really amused Morrison. But Morrison had good self-restraint and held back. He just nodded to indicate he would report this matter to the country.
On December 14, 1925, legal experts from seven countries—China, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, and Hungary—officially announced the establishment of the East Asia International Tribunal in Shanghai to try the ANZAC Corps massacre case.
The Presidium was established first. The Presidium had a total of 12 members. Each of the 7 countries had one fixed quota, and the other 5 quotas were selected by self-recommendation and recommendation. The work of the Presidium was not to participate in the trial, but to be responsible for arranging the work of the International Tribunal.
Although the first legal experts to arrive did not bring their own luggage, the heavy luggage they brought contained a large amount of legal expert materials. After a selection and various telegram exchanges, on January 6, 1926, the Presidium completed its formation.
On January 7, the Presidium officially issued a communiqué: 'The Presidium believes that the legal level of the Soviet Union is not convincing enough, so the Presidium expresses gratitude to the Soviet legal circle for their enthusiasm to join the trial. The Presidium guarantees that the latest legal research reports will also be sent to the Soviet Union. However, the application of Soviet legal professionals to join the Asian International Tribunal was not approved.'
For this reason, the *National Daily* published news on January 8: 'Chairman He Rui invited the Soviet Ambassador to China to dinner.' Everyone was an old hand in diplomacy and knew very well that this dinner was mainly for He Rui to express a friendly attitude towards the Soviet Union.
However, on January 9, Britain and Japan formally concluded an alliance. The first batch of three divisions of Japanese troops boarded ships and set off to Burma to participate in the war in accordance with the alliance obligations.
To cover the Asian International Tribunal, various powers sent many reporters to China. The reporters thought He Rui was apologizing to the Soviet Union on the first day, but now they were considering whether there was more possibility of strategic cooperation between China and the Soviet Union.
If one wanted to interview the Chinese government directly, one had to wait for the government's regular press conference. In comparison, interviewing the Chinese people was very easy. In Shanghai, a trading city, reporters interviewed everywhere.
The news of Japan sending troops triggered considerable repercussions in China. The Chinese people felt strong disgust for Japan, which refused to change its ways. Compared with the fear of Britain, the addition of the Japanese army diluted the worry of many people. After all, the Northeast Government, a local regime, could defeat Japan. It had been nearly two years since China's unification, and the country had been peaceful for these two years. Since they defeated Japan once, they could defeat Japan a second time.
Shanghai is a trading metropolis, greatly influenced by foreign countries, and its understanding of foreign countries far exceeds other parts of China. If it were before, with the impression of Shanghai locals on Britain and Japan, they would definitely be in a constant state of anxiety. Unexpectedly, although Shanghai people were afraid, it was only within the normal range. Those reporters who had never been to China didn't find it very strange, but the feelings of foreign reporters who had been to China were completely different.
British reporters were very familiar with the ten-mile foreign market in Shanghai and felt that there was a place where they could probably interview some different views. So they went to St. John's University. Arriving at the school, the reporters saw that although the campus couldn't be said to be deserted, the number of students was also very sparse. They couldn't help being quite surprised.
St. John's University was formed by the merger of two Anglican schools, Baird Hall and Duane Hall, by Bishop Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky of the American Episcopal Church in Shanghai. It was a university highly regarded by Shanghai's political and business celebrities and children of rich families. It used to be a famous school with many students and crowds rubbing shoulders on campus after class. It was truly surprising that it became so depressed in less than two years.
There was no time to interview students at this time; the British reporters went directly to the principal's office. Entering the office building, it was quite quiet inside. Although the doors of some offices were open and there were teachers inside, when several British reporters passed through the corridor, they only heard their own footsteps. The empty and gloomy feeling made the reporters feel very wrong.
The principal was still the former principal, just looking listless. Hearing the British reporters introduce themselves, the principal finally had some spirit. After listening to the reporters' questions, the principal was not excited because his views had the opportunity to be published in the newspapers, but replied somewhat disheartenedly, "Chinese tradition is to be proud of entering politics. Since the establishment of the He Rui government, there have been civil service examinations every year. St. John's University has had only one person pass the exam each year for two consecutive years. Moreover, every person who passed the exam had very strong nationalist sentiments."
British political and business celebrities and rich children also regarded entering politics as the highest goal. Only those who really had no chance would consider doing business or other professions. Not only Britain, but all the powers were the same. After hearing the principal's explanation, the British reporters roughly had some ideas. The biggest reason why St. John's University could gain status in China was its foreign background.
At that time, foreign countries were stronger than China, so this background was naturally very beneficial. The establishment of the He Rui regime meant that strength and weakness had reversed in China. Although rich and noble families might not really like He Rui, rich and noble families had a very keen sense and judgment of strength and weakness. Changing allegiance in time was the method of saving life for rich and noble families.
What's more, attending St. John's University was equivalent to cutting off the possibility of entering politics. How could rich and noble families send their children here at this time?
While considering how to organize a news report, the principal of St. John's University added another sentence, "By the way, neither of those two were believers. They were both atheists."
These words supplemented the reporters' cognition. It wasn't unheard of for firm atheists to exist in a church university. But two St. John's University graduates admitted to the civil service having both strong nationalism and firm atheism... St. John's University must have screening when recruiting students, to weed out such people first. If the students in St. John's University all developed in this direction, this university would probably be dismantled by the students first.
At this time, British reporters had no interest in interviewing students of St. John's University about their views on the war. An article about the Chinese government inciting nationalism and persecuting religion began to brew. Soon, this article appeared in British newspapers.
Two days later, a Chinese article also appeared in British left-wing newspapers, 'While Britain attacks the nationalism of other countries, it is engaging in more intense nationalist incitement itself. This is the characteristic of young civilizations. Because of lack of experience, they unconsciously play the trick of covering one's ears while stealing a bell. This is like a three-year-old child pooping in his pants, afraid to let adults know, so he deliberately pretends to look for the source of the smell, resulting in making the whole room smell.'
'In its long history, China has long had a profound understanding and summary of religion. What religion an individual is willing to believe in is religious freedom. This should not be attacked. But any missionary activity is a commercial activity. The state has comprehensive jurisdiction over commercial activities.'
'In order to seek greater commercial interests, Britain uses religion to wrap commerce, which is also a means of covering one's ears while stealing a bell and confusing the public. If the British public cannot understand this, they can learn about how much land, real estate, various donations, and money laundering activities through donations the Anglican Church actually has.'
'...British people, when you see those so-called 'big shots' high above, the sense of oppression they bring to you, and the sense of powerlessness you feel yourself, is because those people hide the real reasons behind them. Just like the bishops of the Church of England wrap their bodies in magnificent robes, letting everyone see only their appearance, creating their unfathomable image.'
'As long as you know the operating principles of how they got here, everyone can look at them from the perspective of normal people. If everyone is interested in these, you can write to XX newspaper. Whether you want to ask questions or want to introduce your own cognition of these underlying logics, we will try our best to reply or publish...'
The Chinese actually interfered in Britain's internal affairs! This matter caused huge stimulation to the British Home Office. Soon, news of "China interferes in Britain's internal affairs" was published in relatively right-wing newspapers. For a time, the people who had a bad impression of China because of the war began to attack left-wing newspapers. The anti-Chinese atmosphere in Britain became much stronger.
The lower class's anti-Chinese sentiment was dominated by angry scolding. The middle class's anti-Chinese sentiment appeared much more high-end. Many British people with high school and university degrees wrote to newspapers or petitioned the government, requesting Britain to organize the best judicial experts to go to China to provide legal assistance for the trial of the ANZAC Corps case.
These British people were actually quite angry. This anger stemmed from their feeling of China's contempt. China dared to look down on Britain? Facing such a challenge, the British Empire must use the strongest academic strength to prove to the Chinese that Britain is the most civilized country in the world!
The attitude of the educated British middle class disappointed the British upper class somewhat. To say these people didn't understand anything? They were really educated. To say these people were educated? These people completely failed to understand what the Asian International Tribunal was all about.
The British judicial circle has accumulated for hundreds of years; to say they really don't understand how to handle cases? That is certainly not the case.
But the reality is that the ANZAC Corps indeed committed a massacre and was caught red-handed with stolen goods. The more impartially the British judicial circle handles the case, the more the ANZAC Corps cannot escape. So what the British government hopes most is that this matter can end quickly, preferably with no one mentioning it again.
The clearer the case is made, the fairer the trial, and the longer the time drags on, the more inside information will be exposed.
It cannot be said that those British middle class do not love Britain, but the Britain in the eyes of those middle class and the Britain in the eyes of the upper class are obviously not the same Britain.
So regarding the reaction of the middle class, the British government seemed to have not heard or seen it at all. They only hoped that this matter could end as soon as possible, at least end early within Britain.